Turkey's economic crisis rattles the faithful in Erdoğan's heartland

Reuters

Turkish laborer Hasan Sarokaya says he has no job, no money and no hope for a better future while President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan - the leader he supported for years - remains in power.

Like many people in the industrial city of Konya in Turkey's conservative heartlands, which enjoyed an economic boom in the early years of the Erdoğan era, Sarıkaya has been hit by the crash in the lira, spiralling inflation, and a business slump.

Their misfortunes may spell trouble for Erdoğan as economic pain erodes support for Turkey's most successful modern politician and transforms the next elections, due in mid-2023, into the toughest test of his two decades in power.

"I'm looking for work, I can't pay my debts... there is no solution. People are fed up now," said Sarokaya, 31, speaking on a busy Konya street. "I voted (for Erdoğan) for years... Watch now, he won't be able to save himself."

Erdoğan's enduring appeal through more than a dozen national and local election triumphs was based on a record of economic growth and pious conservative values which enthused millions of Muslim Turks who had long felt ignored by a secular elite.

Konya, home of the revered 13th-century Sufi mystic poet Rumi, has been a bastion for his Justice and Development Party (AKP), turning under his rule from an agricultural centre into an industrial powerhouse.

Erdoğan won 75% of Konya's vote in the 2018 presidential election and AKP support was higher than in all but one of Turkey's 81 provinces. That dominance is now threatened by an unprecedented set of challenges.

Other Konya residents who spoke to Reuters, including industrial workers, farmers and students, echoed Sarokaya's lament over rising prices and fewer jobs.

Although many said they would stick with Erdoğan's party at the next elections, national surveys over the last year suggest Sarıkaya's disillusion is part of a wider trend, with opposition parties pulling ahead of the AKP and its parliamentary ally, the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). 

"Never have we seen such low support for the AKP in the past," said Sinan Ülgen, director at the Istanbul-based Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies. "There is an increased perception that in 2023 there will be political change."

Erdoğan has ruled Turkey, first as prime minister and later as president, since 2003. Three years ago he assumed wider powers under a new executive presidency that critics say created a hyper-centralised system ill-equipped to tackle Turkey's economic, political and security challenges.

Power drained from institutions and ministries to the sprawling presidential palace in Ankara. Erdogan has dismissed three central bank governors since 2019, and sacked three bank policy makers in October.

Erdoğan says the central bank remains independent, but it bowed to his call to slash interest rates well below inflation, triggering a 56% fall in the lira this year and driving up the cost of living for ordinary Turks.

The presidency did not respond to a request for comment on the impact of government policy on the economy and on support for Erdoğan.

His opponents, energised by a groundswell of support, are on the offensive, accusing him of driving Turkey into poverty.

Erdoğan's problems are compounded by the very presidential system he championed, which requires an absolute majority of votes at the ballot box, denying candidates the option of building alliances to reach the threshold.

Polls suggest three potential rivals - the mayors of Istanbul and Ankara, both from the main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP), and the leader of the nationalist İYİ (Good) Party - would all beat him in a straight race.

"It's a 'winner takes all' system - that raises the risk at a time when his political popularity is sinking," Ülgen said.

For the first time in an election, Erdoğan will also face two breakaway parties established by founding members of his AKP.

One is the Gelecek (Future) Party, led by ex-prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, the other is run by Erdoğan's former ally Ali Babacan. Both offer disenchanted AKP voters a chance to reject Erdoğan without abandoning his conservative values.

"If voters have to make a choice and are right-oriented, they will find another right-wing party closer to them," said Hasan Ekici, local Gelecek Party chairman in Konya.

While national support for the new parties remains in low single digits, even marginal swings to them could harm Erdoğan enough to turn the tables.

"Developments since 2018 when Turkey had its first economic crisis under Erdoğan... all point to the fact that Erdoğan is a sultan in the autumn of his career," said Soner Cagaptay, director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Concern over the 67-year-old leader's health, rebuffed by the presidential palace, has also swirled. Known as a fiery orator, Erdoğan has sometimes appeared tired and pale in the past year, walking awkwardly and dozing off on camera.

In a country where half the population is 31 or younger, many have known no other leader. Erdogan says young Turks should appreciate their country's progress under him, but he has struggled to win over most young people.

Nevertheless, Erdoğan's party still enjoys more support than any other and can rely on near blanket support from media owned predominantly by his supporters.

His rule witnessed a construction boom and improved health services, and religious Turks welcomed his ending of restrictions on wearing headscarves.

The loose alliance of his opponents lacks an agreed policy platform and has yet to select a presidential candidate.

But the gathering uncertainty over Erdoğan's prospects is rippling out to the wider world, where he has been making tentative efforts to repair strained relations with some of Turkey's allies and rivals.

Ünal Çevikoz, a retired ambassador, said countries such as Egypt and Israel, long at odds with Erdogan, were in no rush to make up with him.

"People sense that the wind of change is now blowing and everybody is waiting for a change in the government," he said.